Lighting Up the Big Screen 26Jul08 | 0 responses
No Henry Makepeace this weekend, because, by popular request, I am posting my college paper on the film version of The Maltese Falcon instead. I feel obliged to point out that the assignment was to write a very specific and detailed critique of a film noir film, while assuming that the reader had seen the film, which is why I didn’t go into great detail when discussing the plot. If you haven’t seen the film version lately, I’d recommend it, because it’s pretty good (and also because you might find the following confusing and sometimes hard to follow).
This paper is more or less unedited; there were a few typos which I corrected, and one word where it didn’t belong, which I removed. I found it kind of interesting to compare my current writing style with that of this paper; for example, I don’t use em-dashes nearly as much these days, and not a hint of my current vogue for semicolons can be found here. I should also note that I was not acquainted with the concept of fat acceptance or healthy at any size when I wrote this paper, hence the gibe at the end, which I left in for historical value. Needless to say, this paper should, ahem, not be recycled.
At any rate, without further ado…
The history of the use of props in film is long and complex. The careful dressing of each scene in a film sets the mood, enhances the acting, and creates an air of reality (or unreality, depending on what is desired). The use of smoking as a tool is perhaps not currently in vogue—however, it was used quite extensively in the film noir period.
In an era when smoking is a somewhat less permissible social activity, it is astounding to watch movies from an earlier time in which everyone smoked incessantly and without consideration for those around them. The Maltese Falcon (John Huston, Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc., 1941) in particular provides an interesting set of examples of the use of smoking in this period. We see it used as an affirmation of masculinity, to sexualize scenes, and to vilify female characters. Let us first examine the scenes in which smoking occurs.
After the credits, the movie opens on the office of Sam Spade, detective, where he can be seen thoughtfully rolling a cigarette. We are introduced to Spade as a powerful masculine character, and the action moves quickly from there as the female lead walks into his office seeking assistance, introducing herself as “Miss Wonderly”. We can see that Spade is somewhat suspicious as he lights his cigarette while hearing her story of runaway sisters and questionable men.
Spade’s partner, Miles, enters already smoking as the woman implores Spade to place a tail on the man she believes may be subverting her sister. Miles, captivated by her, states that he will do the work himself. Within the next twelve minutes of the film, Miles is killed and we learn that there is a somewhat suspect relationship between Spade and the widow, Iva. We also learn that the man Spade’s partner trailed was murdered as well.
Spade and Iva have a confrontation in his office which becomes quite heated—Iva accuses Spade of murdering Miles in order to marry her. (We have already been informed in a discussion Spade has with Effie, his secretary, that Spade has no intention of continuing his relationship with Iva.) Iva puts on quite a performance with Spade, alternating between accusing him of murdering her husband and begging him to help her.
After this confrontation, Spade begins to roll a cigarette. Here emerges a somewhat bizarre and sexually charged scene. We have seen a conversation between Spade and Effie earlier in which he confides in her much as someone might confide in a man friend—although he calls her “sweetheart” it seems to be a mannerism, rather than a comment she is to take seriously (much as we do not take the clinic nurse seriously when she says “come this way, dear”). Effie seems practical and hard-bitten as Spade himself, so when we see her rolling and lighting Spade’s cigarette in a highly suggestive way, it’s rather odd.
Judging from his earlier confrontation with Iva, perhaps Spade is supposed to be seen as the sort of man who can get any woman he wants and discard her when he pleases. Thus, it might seem a little odd that his secretary hasn’t succumbed to his charms. However, the scene seems awkward and out of place because of his earlier, almost man to man relationship with the secretary. The relationship seems somewhat conflicted later, as well—he trusts her to recover the falcon during the climactic ending, and yet spends other scenes berating her for her stupidity. Effie herself often seems somewhat confused about the way Spade is treating her from moment to moment—in one scene jocose and laughing with her, exchanging confidences over a client, and in another shaking her and telling her “not to faint on him.” This conflict seems to be a reflection of the changing gender roles of the period, as women entered the work force and broke down traditional ideals of family and home.
After this, he runs off to the new hotel room of the female lead, now known as “Miss LeBlanc.” In the confrontation which follows, much is learned about the true mission of “Miss LeBlanc” and her errand in San Francisco. She is there, in theory, to arrange transport for an art object in cahoots with a shady man—hence the request for a tail. She entreats Spade not to mention her when he talks to the police about the death of Miles. When he returns to his office, he rolls a cigarette while on the phone with his lawyer discussing the privacy rights of his client. There is an implication here that the matter Spade is discussing with his lawyer doesn’t merit his full attention, as other in-depth conversations have. During the phone conversation, his secretary presents him with a business card and a smirk—the card smells of gardenia, and, expecting another lovely lady to sashay into his office, Spade agrees to see another member in the growing cast of characters interested in the falcon.
The newest figure is, of course, a man, Joel Cairo, and Spade lights his cigarette as Cairo offers his condolences. Interestingly enough, a somewhat sexual theme emerges in this scene as well—Cairo is played as a very effeminate man, with his gardenia scented toiletries and immaculate dress. The two enter a scuffle when Cairo attempts to search Spade’s office (Spade, of course, smoking all the while—Cairo is clearly not man enough to necessitate an extinguishment of the cigarette). At the end of the fight, Cairo takes something out of his billfold and begins to chew it—perhaps gum, hardly a masculine pursuit.
Almost twelve minutes later, we have another pivotal confrontation scene between Brigid (“Miss LeBlanc” in true form), Cairo, and Spade, where the tangled thread of betrayal surrounding the falcon is unraveled and the law pays a visit. Cairo can be seen in this scene lighting a pre-rolled cigarette—a marked difference from Spade, who clearly prefers to roll his own. After the police and Cairo exit, Spade rolls another cigarette while he attempts to get the truth out of the girl, taking his time about lighting it as well. As in earlier scenes, there is a marked sexual energy to the scene—Brigid calls Spade “wild and unpredictable” and he makes a bit of a joke out of it, repeating it at every instance. The two are very physical as the scene progresses—Brigid uses the couch quite adroitly. The entire scene is saturated with sexuality, and we get a hint that Brigid may not be all sweetness and light. We also see Brigid in the classic foolish girl mode—she doesn’t, apparently, know why the bird is so valuable, though the man who told her to get it certainly did. She also fawns a great deal over Spade, entreating him to help her in throbbing vibrato.
Scarcely three minutes later, we are introduced to another new character while Spade is rolling a cigarette—Wilbur, the gunsel, in the lobby of the Hotel Belvedere. Spade waits to light the cigarette until another character, Luke, the house detective, is brought over to confront the gunsel. It is interesting to note that Spade, being the clever, cynical man that he is, instantly knows that the gunsel among the myriad of other unsavoury characters in the lobby is affiliated with “the fat man,” a figure alluded to in the prior discussion between Cairo, Brigid, and Spade. Spade makes it clear to the gunsel that he wants to see the fat man and no middle man, and the gunsel slinks off, properly chastised by our hero.
In the next scene, Spade climbs the class ladder to light cigars in the his first meeting with the fat man. The two dance about for a bit and finally Spade storms out demanding to be given information about the mysterious bird by five o’clock—come five, we see Spade once again lighting cigars with the fat man in order to learn what he can about the bird and, of course, to be drugged and given a kick in the head by Wilbur. The colluding Cairo is once again smoking one of his pre-rolled cigarettes as the evil trio departs the hotel room.
Cairo is also our next smoker—in the climactic scene where all is revealed and Spade demands that Wilbur be turned into the police to take the responsibility for the shootings (three, now, since the captain on the boat the falcon arrived on is also dead). Cairo lights a cigarette after Spade disarms and knocks out the gunsel. As the tension and the revelations mount, Spade lights another cigarette while the fat man explains the reasons for the shootings. Eventually negotiations are concluded and it is agreed that Spade will deliver the bird in the morning in exchange for ten thousand (advance) and the gunsel. Our next smoker is Brigid, who is seen smoking for the first time on the morning after the bird is delivered. The fat man lights up a cigar when the package arrives (one imagines that the set must have been somewhat odorous by this time).
And, once again, Brigid is seen smoking in the climactic final scene between her and Spade, where she learns that looks can’t get her everywhere and that Spade will, in fact, turn her in for the murder of Miles. Then, the credits roll (surprisingly, no thread of smoke rises from the credits—perhaps this duty was left to the audience).
In the scenes discussed above, we see smoking used in a variety of ways—to sexualize scenes, as a masculine tool, as part of an introduction to new characters, as a vilification, and sometimes as an extension of Spade’s personality.
It was used most abundantly as a masculine tool—smoking was very much a masculine pursuit. We see Spade, the very embodiment of masculinity, lighting up at every opportunity (though, curiously enough, never outdoors). The fat man, a well connected villain, is seen smoking cigars—a step up from Spade’s plebian existence. Curiously enough, we never see the assistants of our rivals smoking—neither Wilbur nor Effie is ever caught in the act. This isn’t surprising for Wilbur, who seems like an odd duck as it is. In fact, the only female character seen smoking is Brigid, and only at the end of the movie, when things are getting tense, and she is revealed as the evil character she is. Iva is apparently too busy aggressively pursuing Spade to go about smoking. We also never see any of the police smoking—the coroner and the visiting officers all are too busy being professional to smoke.
Indeed, smoking seems to be somewhat of a select pursuit. The powerful and in charge (the fat man and Spade) smoke, the somewhat ambiguous third party/henchman (Cairo) smokes, and the evil woman (Brigid) smokes. They also all smoke different things—the fat man prefers his cigars, Cairo prefers his effeminate pre-rolled cigarettes, Spade ruggedly rolls his own, and a guess could be hazarded that Brigid is probably smoking some more ladylike cousin of the cigarette.
And although cigarettes and sexuality are very much entwined in many movies, they are used very interestingly in The Maltese Falcon. The first scene in which we see sexuality and cigarettes mingling is perhaps run of the mill—the secretary perching on the desk, delicately tapping out tobacco, seductively moving the paper along Spade’s lips, rolling and inserting the cigarette, and flirtatiously leaning over to light it. However, the scene seems odd because it contrasts so strongly with Effie’s earlier scenes. And, indeed, all goes downhill from here for poor Effie—her idiotic female side keeps slipping out (when, for example, she loses Brigid on the way home). Brigid, as well, is shown to be an idiotic female in the scene where she admits she doesn’t know the true value of the bird. There is also an interesting sexual interplay when Spade receives Cairo’s card—Effie once again plays a role, handing Spade the card very suggestively. And Spade’s disappointment is seen when he lights the cigarette he’s just rolled as Cairo enters (interestingly enough, we also rarely see Spade lighting up during a tête-à-tête with a female character, save during the opening scene and the scene after the police confrontation).
The scene after the police confrontation is also sexually charged—Spade, alone with Brigid, is trying to get information out of her while she plays coy. The masculine/feminine dynamic is deeply underscored as Spade smokes and she weeps and wails. Spade is strong, Brigid weak. Although there are faint sexual undertones in other smoking scenes, these are surely the strongest examples. There are also firm gender overtones—it is clear that all the women in the movie are meant to be wilting lilies—the cigarettes are one of several tools used to enforce this image: that Brigid smokes and Effie does not presents a clear dichotomy between the two. We also see cigarettes in the conflicted “love scene” at the end, where Spade must make a choice between profession and desire.
We also see smoking in almost every pivotal scene where we meet a new character—Brigid, Cairo, and the fat man are all met with clouds of tobacco, as is the gunsel (Spade, it may be recalled, actually blows a plume of smoke into Wilbur’s face). And, of course, Spade himself is introduced to the audience while smoking. Sometimes the smoking serves as an extension of Spade—when, for example, he first dismisses Cairo’s importance by lighting up a cigarette. In the scene where Spade is speaking with his lawyer, he is seen rolling a cigarette. Yet again, we see Spade thoughtfully rolling a cigarette while he digests new information, as when he is seen smoking while the fat man lays bare the facts. Indeed, the cigarette is a vital part of the role Bogart plays. Bogart uses cigarettes very well as an acting tool.
Finally, we see cigarettes in the vilification of one character, Brigid. For those of us who grew frankly annoyed with her simpering scenes, it was a great pleasure to learn that she was not on the side of good. However, it is interesting that she didn’t start smoking until she was firmly established as a murderess. Mary Astor didn’t use her cigarettes as effectively as Bogart did—although she probably could have found a number of ways to make her cigarette a more vital part of newly revealed evil character in the final scene, it instead hung limply from her fingers.
Much as costumes and other props are carefully considered and used with clear intent, smoking is a vital part of The Maltese Falcon. Smoking, indeed, is vital for the sort of character that Spade portrayed—without his thoughtfully rolled cigarettes, it wouldn’t be The Maltese Falcon. It can be seen that cigarettes played heavily in the gender roles of the film noir characters, and as an extension of the change in gender roles seen during this period. It is also interesting to observe so much indoor smoking in a city (San Francisco) where such behaviour is greatly frowned upon nowadays. Perhaps the fat man was not aware of the dual cancer risks posed by being overweight and smoking.
Incidentally, if you’re wondering, I received an A for this paper. Make of that what you will.








